Pharmaco-genomic mutation labeling

ABSTRACT

Electronic label processor compares bioinformatic values to determine pharmaco-genomic mutation associated with host. Label display indicates pharmaco-genomic mutation, which is network-accessible for modified medical message. Bioinformatic values are determined preferably at different times.

RELATED U.S. APPLICATION DATA

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/277,213 filed on Oct. 18, 2002 now abandoned.

FIELD OF INVENTION

Field covers electronic labeling apparati and methods, particularly for pharmaco-genomic mutation.

BACKGROUND

In various healthcare applications, labels are used to identify patients, medicines, and other medical items and information. Traditionally, however, medical labels are generally static, i.e., fixed in informational content, and often constructed of paper or similar material, which are then attached mechanically to adhere to certain object patient or medicine. Because traditional labeling systems are inefficient, and sometimes prone to staff error, there is need for improved approach. Moreover, in view of emerging technical and informational complexities arising from genomic-based practice, there is further need for improved labeling scheme.

SUMMARY

Electronic label processor, which compares bioinformatic values to determine pharmaco-genomic mutation, displays the mutation. Labels are network-accessible for modified medical messages. Bioinformatic values are determined preferably at different times.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and form a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention:

FIG. 1A flow chart shows representative steps for pharmaco-genomic mutation labeling method.

FIG. 1B shows generalized diagram of pharmaco-genomic mutation label apparatus.

FIG. 1C shows sample pharmaco-genomic mutation labeling system and network.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As understood and defined herein, term “pharmaco-genomic mutation” is understood generally and broadly to mean an alteration, variation, polymorphism, or other detectable or measurable change from a naturally-occurring, normal, engineered, induced or previously-mutated condition in single or multiple target or candidate nucleic acid, oligonucleotide or regulatory sequence, gene of interest or under investigation, protein sequence or folding structure, enzyme or other bio-molecular material obtained from a host cell or tissue sample, or any segment or region of DNA which may be transcribed into RNA, contain an open reading frame, encode a protein, and include one or more DNA regulatory element to control expression of a transcribed region. Such mutation is not necessarily indicative of pharmaceutical function or effect, but may be indicative of genomic, kinetic, proteomic, or metabolomic instability or loss of heterozygosity, for example; and refer to any mutation associated with disease, such as cancer or other pathological mono- or polygenic condition, disorder or syndrome. Such mutation term may comprise any single or multiple nucleotide insertion, deletion, rearrangement, transition, translation, tranversion, substitution, frame-shifting, repeat, or chromosomal rearrangement.

Moreover, term “bioinformatic value” is understood generally and broadly to mean one or more digital or analog data-structure, text, object, signal, marker, code, tag, map, or other electronically-representable information, meta-information, or annotation that refers, corresponds, indicates, suggests, or is otherwise associated with a pharmaco-genomic mutation, or associated expression or pathway thereof, that is detected, measured, or otherwise determined to apply or be associated phenotypically with a given host, or host group, or biological material obtained or derived therefrom. Such value may be electronically stored, accessed, indexed, displayed, visualized, transmitted, modified, updated, compressed, secured, mined, searched, modeled, screened, profiled, or otherwise computationally processed.

For example, in accordance with mutation labeling or epidemiological aspect of present invention, one or more bioinformatic value may be determined from sensor or other host information to indicate presence or suggest risk of pharmaco-genomic mutation, such as disease or disorder related to hemoglobin, trinucleotide repeat expansion, micro-deletion syndrome, leukemia or solid tumor, metabolism (e.g., carbohydrate, amino acid, lipid, organic acid, urea cycle, energy production, or heavy metal transport disorder or defect), mucopolysaccharidoses, lysosomal storage, major histocompatibility complex, birth defect or syndrome, cancer, coronary heart disease.

Such pharmaco-genomic mutation may be determined or suggested by various sensor or related processing (e.g., Southern blotting, direct DNA sequencing, SSCP analysis, DGGE analysis, DNA mismatch cleavage, ASO hybridization, mass spectrometry, DNA chip hybridization, protein truncation, or other detection or sensing approach) described herein for determining bioinformatic value.

Generally, labeling system and process are embodied using one or more devices associated with one or more hosts. In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, such devices indicate when some genetic or other biological change is determined. For example, such change may be a genetic sequence mutation that is detected when comparing a prior sequence with another sequence. Each device may generate some indication, such as a visible or audible alert that reports such change.

Mutation labels alert medical professionals in prioritized or hierarchical manner, such that higher-risk likelihood or more serious toxicity or patient risk are revealed graphically or audibly through I/O 48 in emphasized or highlighted context. Such alert may further indicate or warn when wrong or inappropriate medication was or is delivered to particular patient having pharmaco-genomic profile.

FIG. 1A flow chart shows representative steps for pharmaco-genomic mutation labeling method. Electronic label processor or device electronically compares 20 bioinformatic values or data to one or more tested bioinformatic value or data 10 to determine pharmaco-genomic mutation and analysis 30, or clinical optimization associated with host. FIG. 1B shows generalized diagram of pharmaco-genomic mutation label apparatus 40. Label input/output display 48 indicates pharmaco-genomic mutation, which may be network-accessible through wired, wireless or radio-frequency (RF) network communication interface 46 for modified medical message. Bioinformatic values are stored remotely or locally in memory 44 and determined or otherwise processed by controller or microprocessor 42 preferably at different times using sensor 49.

Optionally, label apparatus 40 is embodied in one or more mainframe computer, engineering workstation, personal computer, network processor, patient-attached, local, adjacent or hand-held or mobile personal digital assistant device, embedded controller, or other digital signal processing machine capable of electronic storage, display, and access to network or sensor elements. FIG. 1C shows sample pharmaco-genomic mutation labeling system and network 50 with multiple nodes 60 coupled thereto, as well as label apparatus 40, which is associated with biological or tissue host 70.

Optionally, label apparatus 40 couples to or includes one or more sensor 49 for detecting, testing, screening, or generating a pharmaco-genomic mutation, bioinformatic value, or lack thereof, associated with a particular host, or biomaterial therefrom in vitro or in vivo. Preferably, in vivo implantable sensor or label packaging is constructed to be nonthrombogenic and nontoxic.

For example, sensor 49 may comprise one or more integrated nucleic acid diagnostic device, assay, or array of nucleic acid probes on biological chips or plates, available commercially from Affymetrix, Inc. (Santa Clara, Calif.), capable of sample acquisition and analysis for nucleic acid-based diagnostic, de novo sequencing, or detecting reaction between target molecules and probes.

Sensor 49 may also comprise one or more miniature, implantable identification device or “VeriChip”, available commercially from Applied Digital Solutions, Inc. (Palm Beach, Fla.), capable of generating host or patient or medical information and other bioinformatic values.

It is further contemplated herein that sensor 49 may also employ one or more system or method for detecting or generating pharmaco-genomic mutation or bioinformatic value using integrated chip refractive-index micro-interferometry detection, using coherent VCSEL, laser diode, or He—Ne laser source, etched substrate capillary channel for sample reception and analysis, and reflected laser-light reflection photodetector; or affinity-based biosensor based on optical evanescent wave detector using flow-based surface plasmon resonance in micro-fabricated integrated fluidic cartridge to capture tagged proteins, thiol coupling, or coil-coil interaction, wherein resonance angle is continuously monitored to detect changes in refractive resonance angle and refractive index corresponding to changes in mass when certain ligand binds to, or dissociates from, immobilized binding partner.

Also sensor 49 may detect or generate pharmacogenomic mutation or bioinformatic value using semiconductor nanocrystal or so-called quantum-dot device as detectable label or probe by linking or bonding to one or more affinity molecules of a detectable substance in an analyte, whereupon such nanocrystal probe in response to a first energy associated with a presence of detectable substance within material bonded to the probe, excites the nanocrystal in the probe and causes the probe to provide a second energy or generate or fluoresce a distinct wavelength signal indicating the presence.

It is further contemplated herein that sensor 49 may employ one or more system or method for detecting or generating pharmaco-genomic mutation or bioinformatic value using mass spectrometry, or native enzyme or antibody reactions for protein sequencing or detection; or chromatographic on-chip separation with mass spectrometry using surface enhanced laser desorption and ionization time of flight mass spectrometry, available commercially from Ciphergen Biosystems (Palo Alto, Calif.), using chip array to detect protein biomarkers indicative of disease.

Also sensor 49 may detect or generate pharmacogenomic mutation or bioinformatic value using one or more micro-electrical-mechanical or molecular systems, devices, probes, or arrays, or assays structurally comprising dendrimer, buckyball, fullerene, wire, or nanotube, for example, to monitor, detect, control, or otherwise process electrically, mechanically, optically, or chemically biological or genetic molecules, or contaminant agents or indicators thereof, such as anthrax, smallpox, botulism, tularemia, viral hemorrhagic fever, or plague.

Optionally, pharmaco-genomic mutation or bioinformatic value is indicated, determined, or generated, in part, by detecting alteration in target nucleic acid, described by Shuber in U.S. Pat. No. 6,428,964; by identifying mutation in gene of interest without phenotypic guide, described by Goodfellow in U.S. Pat. No. 5,994,075; by identifying genes underlying defined phenotypes, described by Iris et al in U.S. Pat. No. 6,221,585; by using computer program and database structure for detecting molecular binding events, described by Hefti in U.S. Pat. No. 6,395,480; by using computer-assisted method and apparatus for identification and characterization of biomolecules in biological sample, described by Parekh et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 6,064,754; or using methods, software, and apparatus for identifying genomic regions harboring gene associated with detectable trait, described by Schork et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 6,291,182; which references are hereby incorporated by reference as appropriate.

Furthermore, it is contemplated herein that pharmaco-genomic mutation or bioinformatic value may be indicated, determined, or generated using various mutation detection techniques, and applicable sensor and processes therefore, such as:

-   -   Southern blotting (to detect insertions, deletions, and         rearrangements, as well as ordering of DNA fragments into         physical map), using DNA digestion with restriction enzyme,         resolution of fragments with agarose gel electrophoresis,         transfer of DNA to nylon membrane and hybridization of labeled         probe to DNA fragments;     -   Direct DNA sequencing (to detect insertions, deletions, point         mutations, and rearrangements), using determination of linear         order of nucleotides of test DNA, specific nucleotide detected         by chemical cleavage, dideoxychain termination, or fluorochorome         dye;     -   Single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis (to         detect small insertions or deletions, and point mutations),         using differential electrophoretic mobility of single-stranded         test DNA with different secondary structures or conformations         through non-denaturing gel;     -   Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis (to         detect small insertions or deletions, and point mutations),         using migration of DNA duplexes through electrophoretic gel with         increasing amounts of denaturant (e.g., chemical, temperature)         until DNA strands separate; resolution of alleles by         Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE);     -   DNA mismatch cleavage (to detect small insertions or deletions,         and point mutations), using hybridization of labeled probe to         test DNA, cleavage of DNA at site of base-pairing mismatch;     -   Allele-specific oligonucleotide (ASO) hybridization (to detect         allele(s) of known composition), using preferential         hybridization of labeled probe to test DNA with uniquely         complementary base composition;     -   Mass spectrometry (to detect small insertions or deletions, and         point mutations), using detection of physical mass of sense and         anti-sense strands of test DNA;     -   DNA chip hybridization (to detect test DNA of known         composition), using hybridization of test DNA to arrays of         oligonucleotides ordered on silicon chip; or     -   Protein truncation (to detect frameshift, splice site, or         nonsense mutations that truncate protein product), using test         RNA to make cDNA by reverse transcriptase-Polymerase Chain         Reaction (TR-PCR) with 5′ primer containing T7 promoter, cDNA         translated and product resolved by sodium dodecyl sulfate         (SDS)-PAGE.

Optionally, pharmaco-genomic mutation or bioinformatic value is indicated, determined, or generated, in part, to describe or suggest one or more hemoglobin disease, disorder, or risk, such as:

-   -   sickle cell disease, associated with or corresponding to         β-globin missense mutation;     -   Hb H disease, associated with or corresponding to deletion or         abnormality of three of four α-globin genes;     -   Hydrops fetalis (Hb Barts), associated with or corresponding to         deletion or abnormality of all four α-globin genes;     -   β°-Thalassemia, associated with or corresponding to nonsense,         frameshift, or slice site donor or acceptor mutations, and no         β-globin production; or     -   β⁺-Thalassemia, associated with or corresponding to missense,         regulatory, or splice site consensus sequence or cryptic splice         site mutation(s), and small of amount of β-globin production.

Optionally, pharmaco-genomic mutation or bioinformatic value is indicated, determined, or generated, in part, to describe or suggest one or more disease, disorder, or risk associated with trinucleotide repeat expansions, such as:

Category 1:

-   -   Huntington disease, associated with or corresponding to         exon-located CAG repeat sequence of 36 to 100 or more (normal: 6         to 34);     -   Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy, associated with or         corresponding to exon-located CAG repeat sequence of 40 to 62         (normal: 11 to 34);     -   Spinocerebellar ataxia, type 1, associated with or corresponding         to exon-located CAG repeat sequence of 41 to 81 (normal: 6 to         39);     -   Spinocerebellar ataxia, type 2, associated with or corresponding         to exon-located CAG repeat sequence of 35 to 59 (normal: 15 to         29);     -   Spinocerebellar ataxia, type 3 (Machado-Joseph disease),         associated with or corresponding to exon-located CAG repeat         sequence of 68 to 79 (normal: 13 to 36);     -   Spinocerebellar ataxia, type 6, associated with or corresponding         to exon-located CAG repeat sequence of 21 to 27 (normal: 4 to         16);     -   Spinocerebellar ataxia, type 7, associated with or corresponding         to exon-located CAG repeat sequence of 38 to 200 (normal: 7 to         35);     -   Dentatorubral-pallidolusian atrophy/Haw River syndrome,         associated with or corresponding to exon-located CAG repeat         sequence of 49 to 88 (normal: 7 to 25);     -   Pseudoachondroplasia/multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, associated         with or corresponding to exon-located GAC repeat sequence of 6         to 7 (normal: 5);     -   Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy, associated with or         corresponding to exon-located GCG repeat sequence of 7 to 13         (normal: 6);     -   Cleidocranial dysplasia, associated with or corresponding to         exon-located GCG GCT GCA repeat sequence of 27 (normal: 17);     -   Synpolydactyly, associated with or corresponding to exon-located         GCG GCT GCA repeat sequence of 22 to 25 (normal 15);

Category 2:

-   -   Myotonic dystrophy, associated with or corresponding to CTG         repeat sequence of 100 to several thousand (normal 5 to 37) in         3′ untranslated region;     -   Friedreich's ataxia, associated with or corresponding to         intron-located GAA repeat sequence of 200 to 900 or more         (normal: 7 to 22);     -   Fragile X syndrome (FRAXA), associated with or corresponding to         CGG repeat sequence of 200 to 2,000 or more (normal: 6 to 52) in         5′ untranslated region;     -   Fragile site FRAXE, associated with or corresponding to GCC         repeat sequence of 200 or more (normal: 6 to 35) in 5′         untranslated region;     -   Spinocerebellar ataxia, type 8, associated with or corresponding         to CTG repeat sequence of 107 to 127 (normal: 16 to 37) in 3′         untranslated region;     -   Spinocerebellar ataxia, type 12, associated with or         corresponding to CAG repeat sequence of 66 to 78 (normal: 7         to 28) in 5′ untranslated region; or     -   Progressive myoclonic epilepsy, type 1, associated with or         corresponding to 12-bp repeat motif of 30 to 75 (normal: 2 to 3)         in 5′ untranslated region.

Optionally, pharmaco-genomic mutation or bioinformatic value is indicated, determined, or generated, in part, to describe or suggest one or more disease, disorder, or risk associated with micro-deletion syndromes, such as:

-   -   Prader-Willi syndrome, associated with or corresponding to         chromosomal deletion 15q11-13;     -   Langer-Giedeion syndrome, associated with or corresponding to         chromosomal deletion 8q24;     -   Miller-Dieker syndrome, associated with or corresponding to         chromosomal deletion 17p13.3;     -   DiGeorge anomaly/velo-cardio-facial syndrome, associated with or         corresponding to chromosomal deletion 22q11;     -   Williams syndrome, associated with or corresponding to         chromosomal deletion 7q1; or     -   Aniridia/Wilms tumor syndrome, associated with or corresponding         to chromosomal deletion 11p13.

Optionally, pharmaco-genomic mutation or bioinformatic value is indicated, determined, or generated, in part, to describe or suggest one or more disease, disorder, or risk associated with leukemias and solid tumors, such as:

Leukemias:

-   -   Chronic myelogenous leukemia, associated with or corresponding         to chromosomal aberration t(9;22)(q34;q11);     -   Acute myeloblastic leukemia, associated with or corresponding to         chromosomal aberration t(8;21)(q22;q22);     -   Acute promeolocytic leukemia, associated with or corresponding         to chromosomal aberration t(15;17)(q22;q11-22);     -   Acute non-lymphocytic leukemia, associated with or corresponding         to chromosomal aberration +8,−7,−5,del(5q),del(20q);

Solid Tumors:

-   -   Burkitt lymphoma, associated with or corresponding to         chromosomal aberration t(8;14)(q24;q32);     -   Ewing sarcoma, associated with or corresponding to chromosomal         aberration t(11;22)(q24;q12);     -   Meningioma, associated with or corresponding to chromosomal         aberration Monosomy 22;     -   Retinoblastoma, associated with or corresponding to chromosomal         aberration del(13)(q14); or     -   Wilms tumor, associated with or corresponding to chromosomal         aberration del(11)(p13).

Optionally, pharmaco-genomic mutation or bioinformatic value is indicated, determined, or generated, in part, to describe or suggest one or more disease, disorder, or risk associated with metabolism, such as:

Carbohydrate Disorders:

-   -   Classical glactosemia, associated with or corresponding to         mutant gene product galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferace at         chromosomal location 9p13;     -   Hereditary fructose intolerance, associated with or         corresponding to mutant gene product fructose 1,6-biphospate         aldolase at chromosomal location 9q13-q32;     -   Fructosuria, associated with or corresponding to mutant gene         product fructokinase at chromosomal location 2p23;     -   Hypolactasia (adult), associated with or corresponding to mutant         gene product lactase at chromosomal location 2q21;     -   Diabetes mellitus (type I), associated with or corresponding to         mutant polygenic products;     -   Diabetes mellitus (type II), associated with or corresponding to         mutant polygenic products;     -   Maturity onset diabetes of youth (MODY), associated with or         corresponding to mutant gene product glucokinase (60%) at         chromosomal location 7p13;

Amino Acid Disorders:

-   -   Phenylketonuria, associated with or corresponding to mutant gene         product phenylalanine hydroxylase at chromosomal location 12q24;     -   Tyrosinemia, type 1, associated with or corresponding to mutant         gene product fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase at chromosomal         location 15q23-25;     -   Maple syrup urine disease, associated with or corresponding to         mutant gene product branched-chain α-ketoacid decarboxylase         (subunits at multiple loci);     -   Alkaptonuria, associated with or corresponding to mutant gene         product homogentisic acid oxidase at chromosomal location 3q2;     -   Homocystinuria, associated with or corresponding to mutant gene         product cystathionine β-synthase at chromosomal location 21q2;     -   Oculocutaneous albinism, associated with or corresponding to         mutant gene product tyrosinase at chromosomal location 11q;     -   Cystinosis, associated with or corresponding to mutant gene         product CTNS at chromosomal location 17p13;     -   Cystinuria, associated with or corresponding to mutant gene         product SLC3A1 (type I) at chromosomal location 2p, or mutant         gene product SLC7A9 (types II & III) at chromosomal location         19q13;

Lipid Disorders:

-   -   MCAD, associated with or corresponding to mutant gene product         medium-chain acyl-Coa dehydrogenase at chromosomal location         1p31;     -   LCAD, associated with or corresponding to mutant gene product         long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase at chromosomal location         2q34-q35;     -   SCAD, associated with or corresponding to mutant gene product         short-chain acyl-Coa dehydrogenase at chromosomal location         12q22qter;

Organic Acid Disorders:

-   -   Methylmalonic acidemia, associated with or corresponding to         mutant gene product methylmalonyl-CoA at chromosomal location         6p;     -   Propionic acidemia, associated with or corresponding to mutant         gene product propionyl-CoA carboxylase at chromosomal location         13q32, 3q;

Urea Cycle Defects:

-   -   Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency, associated with or         corresponding to mutant gene product ornithine carbamyl         transferase at chromosomal location Xp21;     -   Carbamyl phosphate synthetase deficiency, associated with or         corresponding to mutant gene product caramyl phosphate         synthetase I at chromosomal location 2p;     -   Argininosuccinic acid synthetase deficiency, associated with or         corresponding to mutant gene product argininosuccinic acid         synthetase at chromosomal location 9q34;

Energy Production Defects:

-   -   Cytochrome C oxidase deficiency, associated with or         corresponding to mutant gene product cytochrome oxidase peptides         at multiple loci;     -   Pyruvate carboxylase deficiency, associated with or         corresponding to mutant gene product pyruvate carboxylase at         chromosomal location 11q;     -   Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (E₁) deficiency, associated with         or corresponding to mutant gene product pyruvate decarboxylase,         E₁α at chromosomal location Xp22;     -   NADH-CoQ reductase deficiency, associated with or corresponding         to multiple nuclear genes at multiple loci;

Heavy Metal Transport Defects:

-   -   Wilson disease, associated with or corresponding to mutant gene         product ATP7B at chromosomal location 13q14;     -   Menkes disease, associated with or corresponding to mutant gene         product ATP7A at chromosomal location Xq13; or     -   Hemochromatosis, associated with or corresponding to mutant gene         product HFE at chromosomal location 6p21.

Optionally, pharmaco-genomic mutation or bioinformatic value is indicated, determined, or generated, in part, to describe or suggest one or more disease, disorder, or risk associated with mucopolysaccharidoses, such as:

-   -   Hurler/Scheie, associated with or corresponding to mutant enzyme         α-L-Iduronidase;     -   Hunter, associated with or corresponding to mutant enzyme         Iduronate sulfatase;     -   Sanfilippo A, associated with or corresponding to mutant enzyme         Heparan-N-sulfamidase;     -   Sanfilippo B, associated with or corresponding to mutant enzyme         α-N-Acetylglucosaminidase;     -   Sanfilippo C, associated with or corresponding to mutant enzyme         Acetyl-CoA: α-glucosaminide N-acetyltransferase;     -   Sanfilippo D, associated with or corresponding to mutant enzyme         N-Acetylglucosamine-6-sulfatase;     -   Morquio A, associated with or corresponding to mutant enzyme         N-Acetylglucosamine-6-sulfatase;     -   Morquio B, associated with or corresponding to mutant enzyme         β-Galactosidase;     -   Maroteaux-Lamy, associated with or corresponding to mutant         enzyme Aryl sulfatase B; or     -   Sly, associated with or corresponding to mutant enzyme         β-Glucuronidase.

Optionally, pharmaco-genomic mutation or bioinformatic value is indicated, determined, or generated, in part, to describe or suggest one or more disease, disorder, or risk associated with lysosomal storage, such as:

-   -   Tay-Sachs, associated with or corresponding to mutant enzyme         β-Hexosaminidase (A isoenzyme);     -   Gaucher (type I; non-neuropathic), associated with or         corresponding to mutant enzyme β-Glucosidase;     -   Niemann-Pick, type 1A, associated with or corresponding to         mutant enzyme Sphingomyelinase;     -   Fabry, associated with or corresponding to mutant enzyme         α-Galactosidase;     -   GM1 gangliosidosis (infantile), associated with or corresponding         to mutant enzyme β-Galactosidase;     -   Krabbe, associated with or corresponding to mutant enzyme         β-Galactosidase (galactosylceramide-specific);     -   Metachromatic leukodystrophy (late-infantile), associated with         or corresponding to mutant enzyme Aryl sulfatase A;     -   Sandhoff, associated with or corresponding to mutant enzyme         β-Hexosaminidase (total);     -   Schindler, associated with or corresponding to mutant enzyme         α-N-Acetylgalactosaminidase; or     -   Multiple sulfatase deficiency, associated with or corresponding         to mutant enzyme Aryl sulfatases A B C.

Optionally, pharmaco-genomic mutation or bioinformatic value is indicated, determined, or generated, in part, to describe or suggest one or more genetic disease, disorder, or risk such as:

-   -   α-1-Antitrypsin deficiency, associated with or corresponding to         disease gene product serine protease inhibitor at chromosome         location 14q;     -   α-Thalassemia, associated with or corresponding to disease gene         product α-Globin component of hemoglobin at chromosome location         16p;     -   β-Thalassemia, associated with or corresponding to disease gene         product β-Globin component of hemoglobin at chromosome location         11p;     -   Achondroplasia, associated with or corresponding to disease gene         product fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 at chromosome         location 4p;     -   Adult polycystic kidney disease, associated with or         corresponding to disease gene products polycystin-1 membrane         protein at chromosome location 16p, polycystin-2 membrane         protein at chromosome location 4p;     -   Albinism, oculocutaneous (type 1), associated with or         corresponding to disease gene product tyrosinase at chromosome         location 11q;     -   Albinism, oculocutaneous (type 2), associated with or         corresponding to disease gene product tyrosine transporter at         chromosome location 15q;     -   Alzheimer disease, associated with or corresponding to disease         gene products presenilin 1 at chromosome location 14q,         presenilin 2 at chromosome location 1q, apolipoprotein E at         chromosome location 19q, β-Amyloid precursor protein at         chromosome location 21q;     -   Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, associated with or corresponding         to disease gene product superoxide dismutase 1 at chromosome         location 21q;     -   Angelman syndrome, associated with or corresponding to disease         gene product ubiquitin-protein ligase E3A at chromosome location         15q;     -   Ataxia telangiectasia, associated with or corresponding to         disease gene product cell cycle control protein at chromosome         location 11q;     -   Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, associated with or corresponding to         disease gene product insulin-like growth factor II at chromosome         location 11p;     -   Bloom syndrome, associated with or corresponding to disease gene         product RecQ helicase at chromosome location 15q;     -   Breast cancer (familial), associated with or corresponding to         disease gene products BRCA1 tumor suppressor at chromosome         location 17q, BRCA2 tumor suppressor at chromosome location 13q;     -   Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (type 1B), associated with or         corresponding to disease gene product myelin protein zero at         chromosome location 1q; (type 1A), associated with or         corresponding to disease gene product peripheral myelin protein         22 at chromosome location 17p; (CMTX1), associated with or         corresponding to disease gene product connexin-32 gap junction         protein at chromosome location Xq;     -   Cystic fibrosis, associated with or corresponding to disease         gene product cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) at         chromosome location 7q;     -   Deafness (nonsyndromic), associated with or corresponding to         disease gene products connexin-26 gap junction protein at         chromosome location 13q, actin polymerization regulator at         chromosome location 5q, KCNQ4 potassium channel at chromosome         location 1p.     -   Diabetes (MODY1), associated with or corresponding to disease         gene product hepatocyte nuclear factor-4a at chromosome location         20q; (MODY2), associated with or corresponding to disease gene         product glucokinase at chromosome location 7p; (MODY3),         associated with or corresponding to disease gene product         hepatocyte nuclear factor-1a at chromosome location 1q;     -   Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy, associated with or         corresponding to disease gene product dystrophin at chromosome         location Xp;     -   Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, associated with or corresponding to         disease gene product collagen (COL3A1) at chromosome location         2q;     -   Ellis van Creveld syndrome, associated with or corresponding to         disease gene product leucine zipper at chromosome location 4p;     -   Familial polyposis coli, associated with or corresponding to         disease gene product APC tumor suppressor at chromosome location         5q;     -   Fragile X syndrome, associated with or corresponding to disease         gene product FMR1 RNA-binding protein at chromosome location Xq;     -   Friedreich ataxia, associated with or corresponding to disease         gene product Frataxin mitochondrial protein at chromosome         location 9q;     -   Galactosemia, associated with or corresponding to disease gene         product Galactose-1-phosphate-uridyltransferase at chromosome         location 9p;     -   Hemochromatosis, associated with or corresponding to disease         gene product transferring receptor binding protein at chromosome         location 6p;     -   Hemophilia A, associated with or corresponding to disease gene         product clotting factor VIII at chromosome location Xq;     -   Hemophelia B, associated with or corresponding to disease gene         product clotting factor IX at chromosome location Xq;     -   Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, associated with or         corresponding to disease gene products MLH1 DNA mismatch repair         protein at chromosome location 3p, MLH2 DNA mismatch repair         protein at chromosome location 2p, PMS1 DNA mismatch repair         protein at chromosome location 2q, PMS2 DNA mismatch repair         protein at location 7p, MSH6 DNA mismatch repair protein at         chromosome location 2p;     -   Hirschsprung disease (type 1), associated with or corresponding         to disease gene product RET tyrosine kinase proto-oncogene at         chromosome location 10q; (type 2), associated with or         corresponding to disease gene product endothelin receptor type B         at chromosome location 13q;     -   Huntington disease, associated with or corresponding to disease         gene product huntingtin at chromosome location 4p;     -   Hypercholesterolemia (familial), associated with or         corresponding to disease gene product LDL receptor at chromosome         location 19p;     -   Long QT syndrome (LQT3), associated with or corresponding to         disease gene SCN5A cardiac sodium channel at chromosome location         3p; (LQT2), associated with or corresponding to disease gene         product HERG cardiac potassium channel at chromosome location         7q; (LQT1), associated with or corresponding to disease gene         product KVLQT1 cardiac potassium channel α submit at chromosome         location 11p; (LQT5), associated with or corresponding to         disease gene product KCNE1 cardiac potassium channel β subunit         at chromosome location 21q; (LQT6), associated with or         corresponding to disease gene product KCNE2 cardiac potassium         channel at chromosome location 21q;     -   Marfan syndrome, associated with or corresponding to disease         gene product fibrillin-1 at chromosome location 15q;     -   Melanoma (familial), associated with or corresponding to disease         gene products cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor tumor suppressor         at chromosome location 9p, cyclin-dependent kinase-4 at         chromosome location 12q;     -   Myotonic dystrophy, associated with or corresponding to disease         gene product protein kinase at chromosome location 19q;     -   Myoclonus epilepsy (Unverricht-Lundborg), associated with or         corresponding to disease gene product cystatin B cystein         protease inhibitor at chromosome location 21q;     -   Neurofibromatosis (type 1), associated with or corresponding to         disease gene product neurofibromin tumor suppressor at         chromosome location 17q; (type 2), associated with or         corresponding to disease gene product merlin (schwannomin) tumor         suppressor at chromosome location 22q;     -   Parkinson disease (familial), associated with or corresponding         to disease gene product α-synuclein at chromosome location 4q;     -   Phenylketonuria, associated with or corresponding to disease         gene product phenylalanine hydroxylase at chromosome location         12q;     -   Retinitis Pigmentosa, associated with or corresponding to         disease gene products rhodopsin at chromosome location 3q, TULP1         tubby-like protein at chromosome location 6p, Retina-specific         ABC transporter at chromosome location 1p, pheripherin at         chromosome location 6p, rod outer segment membrane protein at         chromosome location 11q, retinal rod photoreceptor cGMP         phosphodiesterase β subunit at chromosome location 4p, retinal         rod photoreceptor cGMP phosphodiesterase a subunit at chromosome         location 5q, retinal rod cGMPgated channel α subunit at         chromosome location 4p, myosin VIIA at chromosome location 11q;     -   Retinoblastoma, associated with or corresponding to disease gene         product pRb tumor suppressor at chromosome location 13q;     -   Rett syndrome, associated with or corresponding to disease gene         product methyl CpG binding protein at chromosome location Xq;     -   Sickle-cell disease, associated with or corresponding to disease         gene product β-globin component of hemoglobin at chromosome         location 11p;     -   Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome, associated with or corresponding to         disease gene product 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase at         chromosome location 11q;     -   Stargardt disease, associated with or corresponding to disease         gene product ATP-binding cassette transporter at chromosome         location 1p;     -   Tay-Sachs disease, associated with or corresponding to disease         gene product hexosaminidase A at chromosome location 15q;     -   Tuberous sclerosis (type 1), associated with or corresponding to         disease gene product hamartin tumor suppressor at chromosome         location 9q; (type 2), associated with or corresponding to         disease gene product tuberin tumor suppressor at chromosome         location 16p;     -   Usher syndrome, associated with or corresponding to disease gene         product myosin VIIA at chromosome location 11q;     -   Waardenburg syndrome (types 1 and 3), associated with or         corresponding to disease gene product PAX3 transcription factor         at chromosome location 2q; (type 2), associated with or         corresponding to disease gene product MITF leucine zipper         protein at chromosome location 3p; (type 4), associated with or         corresponding to disease gene product endothelin 3 or endothelin         B receptor at chromosome location 14q;     -   Wilms tumor, associated with or corresponding to disease gene         product WT1 zind finger protein tumor suppressor at chromosome         location 11p;     -   Wilson disease, associated with or corresponding to disease gene         product copper transporting ATPase at chromosome location 13q;         or     -   von Willebrand disease, associated with or corresponding to         disease gene product von Willebrand clotting factor at         chromosome location 12q.

Optionally, pharmaco-genomic mutation or bioinformatic value is indicated, determined, or generated, in part, to describe or suggest one or more major histocompatibility complex (MHC) disease, disorder, or risk associated with MHC human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-associated allele, such as:

-   -   Type 1 diabetes, associated with or corresponding to allele DR3         and DR4;     -   Ankylosing spondylitis, associated with or corresponding to         allele B27;     -   Narcolepsy, associated with or corresponding to allele DR2;     -   Celiac disease, associated with or corresponding to allele DR3,         DR7;     -   Rheumatoid arthritis, associated with or corresponding to allele         DR1, DR4;     -   Myasthenia gravis, associated with or corresponding to allele         DR3, DR7;     -   Multiple sclerosis, associated with or corresponding to allele         DR2;     -   Pemphigus vulgaris, associated with or corresponding to allele         DR4;     -   Systemic lupus erythematosus, associated with or corresponding         to allele DR2, DR3;     -   Hemochromatosis, associated with or corresponding to allele A3;     -   Malaria, associated with or corresponding to allele B53;     -   Graves disease, associated with or corresponding to allele DR3;     -   Psoriasis vulgaris, associated with or corresponding to allele         Cw6; or     -   Squamous cell cervical carcinoma, associated with or         corresponding to allele DQw3.

Optionally, pharmaco-genomic mutation or bioinformatic value is indicated, determined, or generated, in part, to describe or suggest one or more birth defect, syndrome, or risk associated with particular gene, such as:

-   -   Branchio-oto-renal syndrome, associated with or corresponding to         gene BOR1;     -   Stickler syndrome, associated with or corresponding to gene         COL2A1;     -   Schizencephaly syndrome, associated with or corresponding to         gene EMX2;     -   Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, associated with or corresponding to         gene EvC;     -   Creig syndrome, associated with or corresponding to gene GLI3;     -   Pallister-Hall syndrome, associated with or corresponding to         gene GLI3;     -   Polydactyly type A syndrome, associated with or corresponding to         gene GLI3;     -   Hand-foot-genital syndrome, associated with or corresponding to         gene HOXA13;     -   Synpolydactyly syndrome, associated with or corresponding to         gene HOXD13;     -   Piebaldism syndrome, associated with or corresponding to gene         KIT;     -   Nail-patella syndrome, associated with or corresponding to gene         LMX1;     -   Cleft lip/palate syndrome, associated with or corresponding to         gene MSX1;     -   Multiple synostosis syndrome, associated with or corresponding         to gene Noggin;     -   Ectrodactyly/ectodermal dysplasia syndrome, associated with or         corresponding to gene p63;     -   Kidney and optic nerve defect syndrome, associated with or         corresponding to gene PAX2;     -   Waardenburg syndrome, associated with or corresponding to gene         PAX3;     -   Aniridia syndrome, associated with or corresponding to gene         PAX6;     -   Oligodontia syndrome, associated with or corresponding to gene         PAX9;     -   Rieger syndrome, associated with or corresponding to gene RIEG1;     -   Townes-Brocks syndrome, associated with or corresponding to gene         SALL1;     -   Holoprosencephaly syndrome, associated with or corresponding to         gene SHH;     -   Campomelic syndrome, associated with or corresponding to gene         SOX9;     -   Hirschsprung syndrome, associated with or corresponding to gene         SOX10;     -   Ulnar-mammary syndrome, associated with or corresponding to gene         TBX3;     -   Holt-Oram syndrome, associated with or corresponding to gene         TB5;     -   Treacher Collins syndrome, associated with or corresponding to         gene TCOF1;     -   Denys-Drash syndrome, associated with or corresponding to gene         WT1; or     -   Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome, associated with or corresponding to         gene 7-DHCR.

Optionally, pharmaco-genomic mutation or bioinformatic value is indicated, determined, or generated, in part, to describe or suggest one or more cancer disease, disorder, or risk associated with tumor suppressor gene, such as:

-   -   Retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma, associated with or corresponding         to gene RB1 (related p107, p130) at chromosome location 13q14;     -   Familial adenomatous polyposis, associated with or corresponding         to gene APC at chromosome location 5q21;     -   Neurofibromatosis type 1, associated with or corresponding to         gene NF1 at chromosome location 17q11;     -   Neurofibromatosis type 2, associated with or corresponding to         gene NF2 at chromosome location 22q12;     -   Li-Fraumeni syndrome, associated with or corresponding to gene         p53 (related p63, p′73) at chromosome location 17p13;     -   Von Hippel-Lindau disease (renal cancer), associated with or         corresponding to gene VHL at chromosome location 3p25;     -   Wilms tumor, associated with or corresponding to gene WT1 at         chromosome location 11p13;     -   Familial melanoma, associated with or corresponding to gene p16         (related p15) at chromosome location 9p21;     -   Familial breast/ovarian cancer, associated with or corresponding         to gene BRCA1 at chromosome location 17q21;     -   Familial breast cancer, associated with or corresponding to gene         BRCA2 at chromosome location 13q12;     -   Cowden disease (breast and thyroid cancer), associated with or         corresponding to gene PTEN at chromosome location 10q23;     -   Ataxia telangiectasia, associated with or corresponding to gene         AT at chromosome location 11q22; or     -   Li-Fraumeni syndrome, associated with or corresponding to gene         CHK2 at chromosome location 22q12.

Optionally, pharmaco-genomic mutation or bioinformatic value is indicated, determined, or generated, in part, to describe or suggest one or more cancer disease, disorder, or risk associated with oncogene, such as:

Growth Factors:

-   -   Stomach carcinoma, associated with or corresponding to oncogene         HST at chromosome location 11q13;     -   Glioma (brain tumor), associated with or corresponding to         oncogene SIS at chromosome location 22q12;

Growth Factor Receptors:

-   -   Multiple endocrine neoplasia, associated with or corresponding         to oncogene RET at chromosome location 10q;     -   Glioboastoma (brain tumor), breast cancer, associated with or         corresponding to oncogene erb-B at chromosome location 10q;     -   Promyelocytic leukemia, associated with or corresponding to         oncogene erb-A at chromosome location 17q11;     -   Neuroblastoma, associated with or corresponding to oncogene NEU         at chromosome location 17q11;

Signal Transduction Proteins:

-   -   Carcinoma of colon, lung, pancreas, associated with or         corresponding to oncogene H-RAS at chromosome location 11p15;     -   Melanoma, thyroid carcinoma, AML, associated with or         corresponding to oncogene K-RAS at chromosome location 12p12;     -   Chronic myelogenous leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia,         associated with or corresponding to oncogene Abl at chromosome         location 9q34;

Transcription Factors:

-   -   Neuroblastoma, lung carcinoma, associated with or corresponding         to oncogene N-myc at chromosome location 2p24;     -   Malignant melanoma, lymphoma, leukemia, associated with or         corresponding to oncogene MYB at chromosome location 6q22; or     -   Osteosarcoma, associated with or corresponding to oncogene Fos         at chromosome location 14q24.

Optionally, pharmaco-genomic mutation or bioinformatic value is indicated, determined, or generated, in part, to describe or suggest one or more coronary heart disease or disorder or risk associated with lipoprotein gene, such as:

-   -   Apolipoprotein A-I at chromosome location 11q;     -   Apolipoprotein A-IV at chromosome location 11q;     -   Apolipoprotein C-III at chromosome location 11q;     -   Apolipoprotein B at chromosome location 2p;     -   Apolipoprotein C-I at chromosome location 19q;     -   Apolipoprotein C-II at chromosome location 19q;     -   Apolipoprotein E at chromosome location 19q     -   Apolipoprotein A-II at chromosome location 1p;     -   LDL receptor at chromosome location 19p;     -   Lipoprotein (a) at chromosome location 6q;     -   Lipoprotein lipase at chromosome location 8p;     -   Hepatic triglyceride lipase at chromosome location 15q;     -   LCAT at chromosome location 16q; or     -   Cholesterol ester transfer protein at chromosome location 16q.

Optionally, pharmaco-genomic mutation or bioinformatic value is indicated, determined, or generated, in part, to describe or suggest one or more inborn errors of metabolism disease, disorder, or risk associated with enzyme, such as:

Disorders of Amino Acid/Organic Acid Metabolism:

-   -   Maple syrup urine disease, associated with or corresponding to         enzyme branched-chain ketoacid decarboxylase;     -   Methylmalonic academia, associated with or corresponding to         enzyme methylmalonic CoA mutase;     -   Multiple carboxylase deficiency, associated with or         corresponding to enzyme biotin responsive carboxylase;

Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism:

-   -   Glycogen storage disease, type 2, associated with or         corresponding to enzyme α-Glucosidase;     -   Galactosemia, associated with or corresponding to enzyme         galactose-1-uridyl transferase;

Disorders of Lysosomal Enzymes:

-   -   Gangliosidosis (all types), associated with or corresponding to         enzyme β-Galactosidase;     -   Mucopolysaccharidosis (all types), associated with or         corresponding to disease-specific enzyme;     -   Tay-Sachs disease, associated with or corresponding to enzyme         hexosaminidase A;

Disorder of Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism:

-   -   Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, associated with or corresponding to enzyme         hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase; or

Disorder of Peroxisomal Metabolism:

-   -   Zellweger syndrome, associated with or corresponding to enzyme         long-chain fatty acids.

In clinical, managed-care, hospital, diagnostic, therapeutic, or biomedical application or embodiment, electronic label processor 40, using one or more firmware, source or object code software, configurable logic chip or device, digital signal processor, systolic processing array, or other finite state machine, actually or effectively compares set of bioinformatic values, preferably associated with same or different temporal states, to determine or otherwise recognize one or more pharmaco-genomic mutation associated with or corresponding to target patient, animal, plant, or other biological host.

Furthermore, label apparatus 40 may operate autonomously, in cooperation with other computer system nodes, clients, or processing elements, to collect, process and display various host or patient bioinformatic and non-bioinformatic information. For example, patient information and other personal or medical record data may be received via questionnaire or otherwise retrieved, such as host identification, drug treatment, prescription, and dosage, single or multiple concomitant food or drug allergy, interaction or side effect, pregnancy, lactation, as well as bioinformatic, genetic, proteomic, metabolomic, and other monitored or sensed mutation-related data as described herein.

Label apparatus 40 may be used in time-critical emergency, urgent, or trauma situation to improve patient health-care diagnosis and treatment, for example, by early-detection, expediting and assisting physician, paramedical, nursing, or other professional analysis and treatment. Sensed or measured bioinformatic value as electronically labeled for indicating pharmaco-genomic mutation information, as described herein, significantly improves quality and accuracy of medication delivery and administration to identified subgroups of patients having certain adverse response to medication, food, or other treatment.

Additionally, such data may include pharmaco-genomic or pharmaco-kinetic clinical or indications based on genetic, proteomic, metabolomic (i.e., analysis of small organic cell molecules and metabolic response thereof), or other bioinformatic variant or mutation, or other genetic-based condition or profile (e.g., sex, race/ethnicity, etc.) such as drugs to be avoided, or considered as alternative. Thus optimally, host susceptibility or predisposition to toxicity or other adverse host reaction or side effects to certain identified food, drugs, or other medical treatment may be minimized, mitigated, or eliminated using automated rule-based advise or expert system.

For example, label apparatus 40 may alert medical professionals when host patient is determined via sense approach to detect pharmaco-genomic mutation described herein that patient ability to produce thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) enzyme activity is compromised. Here, TPMT genetic test (commercially available from DNA Sciences (Raleigh, N.C.) enables identification of patient at risk for 6-MP/azathioprine/thioguanine toxicity, and improves confidence through tailored dosing regimens, while minimizing concern over drug-induced complication.

Alternatively, pharmaco-genomic mutation to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) molecular target and variant alleles may be detected to electronically label and thereby effectively modify host drug therapy. Another pharmaco-genomic mutation that may be detected and labeled is enzyme debrisoquine hydroxylase (CYP2D6), isozyme of microsomal cytochrome P450 monooxygenase system; encoding gene is located in CYP2D gene cluster in contiguous 45-kb region of chromosome 22. Here, at least nine polymorphisms of CYP2D6 affect metabolism of more than 30 different pharmaceuticals, including β-adrenergic receptor antagonists, neuroleptics, and tricyclic antidepressants.

Label display 48 visually or audibly indicates to doctor, nurse, or other medical or technical staff textual, symbolic or graphic representation of one or more detected pharmaco-genomic mutation. Such indication may be network-accessible for modified medical message.

Label apparatus 40 may couple electronically or digitally to hospital, physician, nursing, and other medical staff communication system to enable network-accessible prescription renewal, appointment scheduling, lab-result entry and retrieval, referrals to specialists and disease management, as well as generally computerized physician or pharmacy-ordering scheme, patient communications, access to bioinformatic test or sensor results, insurance claim status, and bar-coding of pharmaceuticals, and automated medication checks for possible errors, preferably in accordance with pharmaco-genomic labeling approach described herein.

Compare method or genetic algorithm may employ simple identical or substantial equivalent value check between recently-measured value and previously-stored value for same host, for example, after host exposure to radiation or other carcinogenic sources. Such algorithm may be executed to adapt iteratively or dynamically in real-time or in multiple or parallel processors based on currently or recently-measured, monitored, or sensed host bioinformatic values, for example using fuzzy system, Bayesian or neural network, to improve compute or processing performance by comparing initially values that previously are known or recorded to be related or likely to be related or otherwise weighted to pharmaco-genomic mutation.

Additionally, electronic access to bioinformatic value or pharmaco-genomic mutation information may be restricted, secured, encrypted, or excluded unless the host thereof explicitly or voluntarily provides prior informed consent to access such information.

Hence, comparison serves to detect presence or absence of bioinformatic value (e.g., oncogene, tumor suppressor gene, allele, enzyme, repeat sequence, micro-deletion, or other mutant gene product, protein, or metabolome) that causes, or increases or decreases risk of one or more host disease, disorder, syndrome, allergy, or other biological condition.

Such bioinformatic value or pharmaco-genomic mutation information may be stored in label memory 44 or in other digital storage accessible or otherwise retrievable through network 50. Such stored information may be formatted according to one or more conventional, industry-standard, or otherwise publicly or commercially-available software, processing, storage, and communications protocol, as well as databases for metabolic, signaling, regulatory and pathway data.

Additionally, as appropriate, other genomic relational or object-oriented knowledge base or data sources may be network-accessed, such as GenBank, Unigene, LocusLink, Homologene, Ensemble, GoldenPath, or NCICB Cancer Genome Anatomy Project (CGAP). Such information may be accessed using ontology-based interfaces that are defined to be logically related, for example, using annotation format such as Distributed Annotation System (DAS).

Optionally, bioinformatic value-related function or clinical step may be specified and otherwise annotated, such as hypothesis definition, experiment design, sample preparation and distribution, experiment run, data acquisition, result analysis, data mining, design refinement, modeling, knowledge discovery, or project report.

Additionally, such functions may be applied to bioinformatic data processed by software or hardware analysis tools for pharmacogenomics, gene expression, high-throughput sequencing, or proteomics (functional or structural) use-case domains.

Preferably such stored information complies, at least in part, with data exchange and management framework and specifications provided by Interoperable Informatics Infrastructure Consortium (I3C), which technical and use-case model documents, and recommended implementations, as described on-line at http://www.i3c.org/ are hereby incorporated by reference as appropriate herein.

For example, one or more I3C-compliant or recommended data format may be employed during operation of electronic label processor, as described herein. Accordingly bioinformatic values may be accessed, and displayed or otherwise imaged using electronic display I/O 48 hardware or software, for gel chromatography images, original data from biological arrays, arrays of time-series data from mass spectrometry, illustrative functional depiction of proteins, simple microscope images, patient records with medical images, derived data from multiple or time-series images, electrocardiograms, or original drawings and annotations to medical images made by examining professionals. On-screen search capability enables medical professional quickly to locate and interpret particular host bioinformatic data, such as gene sequence, protein, enzyme, allele, or other related detail.

Additionally, I3C-compliant or recommended data format may be employed to provide clinical trial FDA pharmacogenomic submission data, including genotype, haplotype, phenotype, or derived analysis format; and pathways and system biology information for data, models and simulations, for example of networks and pathways based on pair-wise labeled relationships between proteins, genes, and RNA transcripts, as well as virtual cell systems. For example, design synthesis, test, and simulation of virtual cell system biology enables perturbation or mutagenesis stimulation to predict behavior according to host drug metabolism, transport, distribution, or excretion.

Network 50 access to various databases or other digital repository may couple in n-tiered architecture multiple client interfaces, serve components, back-end objects and data sources. For example, Netscape or Microsoft Internet Explorer browsers or applications, e.g., based on Java, non-Java, Perl, C, C++, or other programming or development software, run on client nodes 60 may receive information, such as in various markup-language, e.g., HTML, XML, etc., from back-end objects over conventional network messaging or transport protocol, e.g., hyper text transfer protocol (HTTP), TCP Internet Protocol, simple object access protocol (SOAP), file transfer protocol (FTP), IIOP, etc. Additionally, Universal Description Discovery Integration (UDDI) registry and Resource Description Framework (RDF) agent advertising formats may be used.

As described herein, pharmaco-genomic mutation data may be generated and displayed by label apparatus 40. Genomic, proteomic, or metabolomic sequence analysis software tool, for example, (e.g., BLAST, TimeLogic) may be used by controller 42 to discover or characterize host genomic, proteomic, or metabolomic sequence, acquired and qualified from one or more sources, such as sensor 49 or database 44. Thus, internal and external sequence and protein libraries may be updated and maintained, certain redundant, unqualified or external data being filtered for internal sequence processing. One or more target, putative or otherwise mutant gene or bioinformatic value is then determined and cataloged effectively by label apparatus 40.

Optionally, hypothetical function of such determined gene or value may then be generated manually, automatically, or homologously by finding similarity to known or other prior values. Genetic, proteomic, or metabolomic analysis protocols and similarity analysis may be defined and selected, thereby enabling or constructing functional hypotheses to be generated, prioritized, or reviewed using sensor measurements or other host evidence.

Proteolysis sample preparation may be performed (e.g., HPLC, gel electrophoresis), then mass spectroscopy or tandem MS analysis and compression, quantitization, and fragment size genome analysis for candidate prediction, proteome or metabolome comparison, and other quantitative analysis using modeling tools and databases.

The foregoing descriptions of specific embodiments of the invention have been presented for purposes of illustration and description. They are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Obviously, many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching, including pharmaco-genomic mutation labeling to alert potential or actual medical associated risk with organ transplant, paternity identification, genetically-modified agricultural crops, antisense and gene vaccine or therapy. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain the principles and the application of the invention, thereby enabling others skilled in the art to utilize the invention in its various embodiments and modifications according to the particular purpose contemplated. The scope of the invention is intended to be defined by the claims appended hereto and their equivalents. 

What is claimed is:
 1. Pharmaco-genomic mutation labeling process comprising steps: testing a pharmaco-genomic mutation in order to electronically label such mutation using a semiconductor nanocrystal or quantum-dot probe device that provides detectable label that links or bonds to one or more affinity molecules of a detectable substance in an analyte associated with the pharmaco-genomic mutation, whereupon such nanocrystal or quantum-dot probe device responds to a first energy associated with presence of a detectable pharmaco-genomic mutation substance within a material bonded to such probe device, and thereby exciting the nanocrystal or quantum-dot in the probe device to cause such probe device to provide a second energy that fluoresces a distinct wavelength signal that indicates presence of the pharmaco-genomic mutation, wherein said semiconductor nanocrystal or quantum-dot probe device couples to an affinity-based bio sensor comprising an optical evanescent wave detector using flow-based surface plasmon resonance provided in micro-fabricated integrated fluidic cartridge to capture tagged proteins, thiol coupling or coil-coil interaction for testing the pharmaco-genomic mutation, wherein resonance angle is continuously monitored to detect changes in refractive resonance angle and refractive index corresponding to changes in mass when one or more ligand binds to or dissociates from immobilized binding partner associated with the tested pharmaco-genomic mutation, such that both the semiconductor nanocrystal or quantum-dot probe device and the affinity-based biosensor detect the same pharmaco-genomic mutation, said detected same pharmaco-genomic mutation thereby indicating patient ability to produce thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) enzyme activity being compromised effectively by identifying patient being at risk for 6-MP/azathioprine/thioguanine toxicity, and said same pharmaco-genomic mutation further enabling detection of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) molecular target and variant alleles, as well as enzyme debrisoquine hydroxylase (CYP2D6) associated with isozyme of microsomal cytochrome P450 monooxygenase system, whereby encoding gene is located in CYP2D gene cluster in contiguous 45-kb region of chromosome 22; and comparing by a processor coupled to the probe device the tested pharmaco-genomic mutation with other pharmaco-genomic mutations to enable automated analysis of the tested pharmaco-genomic-mutation, wherein the processor is embodied in a hand-held mobile personal digital assistant device capable of electronic storage, display, and access to sensor elements comprising the semiconductor nanocrystal or quantum-dot probe device and the affinity-based bio sensor, such that the processor is enabled to compare the tested pharmaco-genomic mutation with one or more other pharmaco-genomic mutation by accessing the tested pharmaco-genomic mutation via the semiconductor nanocrystal or quantum-dot probe device, and said other pharmaco-genomic mutation via the affinity-based biosensor, whereby automated analysis by the processor of the tested pharmaco-genomic mutation and said other pharmaco-genomic mutation is automatically enabled by the processor using a virtual cell system that automates design synthesis, test, and simulation of the tested pharmaco-genomic mutation and said other pharmaco-genomic mutation, thereby enabling comparative perturbation or mutagenesis stimulation of pharmaco-genomic mutations sensed separately by the semiconductor nanocrystal or quantum-probe device and the affinity-based bio sensor.
 2. Pharmaco-genomic mutation labeling apparatus comprising: a controller; a memory; an RF/network interface; an input/output; and a sensor, wherein the controller, memory, RF/network interface, input/output, and sensor are coupled to test, compare, and analyze a pharmaco-genomic mutation in order to electronically label such mutation, the sensor comprising a nanocrystal or quantum-dot probe device that provides a detectable label that links or bonds to one or more affinity molecules of a detectable substance in an analyte associated with the pharmaco-genomic mutation, whereupon such nanocrystal or quantum-dot probe device responds to a first energy associated with the presence of a detectable pharmaco-genomic mutation substance within a material bonded to such probe device, and thereby exciting the nanocrystal or quantum dot in the probe device to cause such probe device to provide a second energy that fluoresces a distinct wavelength signal that indicates presence of the pharmaco-genomic mutation, wherein said semiconductor nanocrystal or quantum-dot probe device couples to an affinity-based bio sensor comprising an optical evanescent wave detector using flow-based surface plasmon resonance provided in micro-fabricated integrated fluidic cartridge to capture tagged proteins, thiol coupling or coil-coil interaction for testing the pharmaco-genomic mutation, wherein resonance angle is continuously monitored to detect changes in refractive resonance angle and refractive index corresponding to changes in mass when one or more ligand binds to or dissociates from immobilized binding partner associated with the tested pharmaco-genomic mutation, such that both the semiconductor nanocrystal or quantum-dot probe device and the affinity-based bio sensor detect the same pharmaco-genomic mutation, said detected same pharmaco-genomic mutation thereby indicating patient ability to produce thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) enzyme activity being compromised effectively by identifying patient being at risk for 6-MP/azathioprine/thioguanine toxicity, and said same pharmaco-genomic mutation further enabling detection of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) molecular target and variant alleles, as well as enzyme debrisoquine hydroxylase (CYP2D6) associated with isozyme of microsomal cytochrome P450 monooxygenase system, whereby encoding gene is located in CYP2D gene cluster in contiguous 45-kb region of chromosome 22, wherein the controller is embodied in a hand-held mobile personal digital assistant device capable of electronic storage, display, and access to sensor elements comprising the semiconductor nanocrystal or quantum-dot probe device and the affinity-based biosensor, such that the controller is enabled to compare the tested pharmaco-genomic mutation with one or more other pharmaco-genomic mutation by accessing the tested pharmaco-genomic mutation via the semiconductor nanocrystal or quantum-dot probe device, and said other pharmaco-genomic mutation via the affinity-based biosensor, whereby automated analysis by the controller of the tested pharmaco-genomic mutation and said other pharmaco-genomic mutation is automatically enabled by the controller using a virtual cell system that automates design synthesis, test, and simulation of the tested pharmaco-genomic mutation and said other pharmaco-genomic mutation, thereby enabling comparative perturbation or mutagenesis stimulation of pharmaco-genomic mutations sensed separately by the semiconductor nanocrystal or quantum-probe device and the affinity-based bio sensor. 